The nature, incidence and ethical issues of creative...

The nature, incidence and ethical issues of creative accounting 1.1 Introduction Creative accounting is also called â€Å"Earnings management† which is known as the manipulation of financial information. The term can be defined in many ways. Initially we define it as a process whereby accountants use their knowledge of accounting rules to manipulate the figures reported in the accounts of a business (Naser, 1993, p.59). Creative accounting, at root, is the origin of numerous accounting frauds. Many accounting scandal cases (like the scandals in Enron, WorldCom, and other firms) in the past few years had happened with the result of collapse. Most of these scandals were conducted by the senior management of organisations and many victims†¦show more content†¦Therefore, managers or directors mean to depict good performance and position by manipulating figures hence in such way the stakeholders will be shown positive indicators from the financial statements. By this way, investors will more likely to be attracted and given confidence with this superb financial report. This can be achieved by modifying the figures in the statements using the tricks of creative accounting. In addition, how many bonuses directors will receive in a year may base on the percentage of the profit reported (Shafren, 2009). For this reason of their private interest, directors may manipulate financial figures to meet the ir desire. Lttner, Larcker and Rajan (1997) have the same perspective. They illustrate that when the directors or managers private interest (such as stock options and bonuses) is rely on the performance of the company, they are more likely to use creative accounting to manipulate the figures in order to achieve their favourable results. Another motivation of creative accounting is the positive effect that the income smoothing brings to the valuation of security and reduces the risk for the analyst. â€Å"Where management observes a gap between analysts’ expectation and the actual performance of the company and when major capital market transactions are being expected†Show MoreRelatedThe Failure Of The External Audit Function2628 Words   |  11 PagesQ1 Accounting firms have evolved during the last three decades to the point where they become so diversified and generated more earnings as opposed to what they have traditionally offered in basic services. This development carried their culture toward profit maximization and cost efficiency, they started to operate similar to every other business where competition and customer satisfaction and retention are paramount. 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Scoping andRead MoreThe Accounting Profession and Nat39077 Words   |  157 PagesTHE JOURNAL OF ACCOUNTING ANAN Volume 1, No 1, March 2009 Published by: Nigerian College of Accountancy, Jos Postgraduate Professional College and Training Arm of ANAN ...Advancing the Science of Accountancy EDITORIAL BOARD Prof. Edet Robinson Iwok, Ph.D, FCNA Prof. A. A. Okwoli, Ph.D, FCNA Prof. Abimaje Akpa, Ph.D, FCNA Prof. B. C. Osisioma, Ph.D, FCNA Prof. Edet B. Akpakpan, Ph.D, FCNA, Prof. A. C. Ezejulue, Ph.D, FCNA Prof. A. S. Mikailu, Ph.D, FNIA Chairman, Education, TrainingRead MoreEsquel Group14861 Words   |  60 Pagescurrent operations, i.e. a summary of the organization’ environmental, economic s and social performance. We used the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI)1 Sustainability Reporting Guidelines as the basis for developing a generic checklist to identify key issues concerning an organization’ environmental, s economic and social performance (see page 5 of this report for more information on GRI). The Checklist (see Appendix) presents reporting indicators of performance. It was developed as a guideline for investigationRead MoreCorporate Governance and Auditors14709 Words   |  59 Pageschallenge thereby lending and profitability, which impact on recapitalization of th e economy. The research is of the view that under the aforementioned scene, proper corporate governance structures are inevitable. There is need for improvement on the issues of corporate governance in all corners of the economy if real economic growth is to be realized. The research is also of the opinion that many companies collapsed over the past decade owing to partly serious corporate governance deficiencies, amongRead MoreEthical and Social Issues in Information Systems20165 Words   |  81 PagesChapter 4 Ethical and Social Issues in Information Systems LEARNING OBJECTIVES After reading this chapter, you will be able to: 1. Analyze the relationships among ethical, social, and political issues that are raised by information systems. 2. Identify the main moral dimensions of an information society and specific principles for conduct that can be used to guide ethical decisions. 3. Evaluate the impact of contemporary information systems and the Internet on the protection of individual

The Global Financial Crisis 0f 2008 - 1181 Words

The Global Financial Crisis of 2008-2008: The Role of Greed, Fear, and Oligarchs The global financial crisis of 2008-2009 is considered to be worst financial crisis since the Great Depression of the 1930s. Large financial institutions collapsed, banks received bailouts by the government, and stock markets plummeted as well. In result, people were being denied loans. The housing market became a problem because of financial issues and many people were unable to continue to pay their mortgages which resulted in evictions and foreclosures. Sellers’ homes’ remained on the market and were unable to be sold. There was an extreme amount of supply, but not enough demand. Major businesses also failed, and millions of people lost their†¦show more content†¦Mortgage-backed securities and credit default swaps (CDS) were two types of derivatives that became noticeable during the housing boom. CDS were contracts that were similar to insurance policies which were typically for municipal bonds, corporate debt and mortgage securities that assured people that they would offer coverage for certain securities in the event of default. For this reason, CDS was extremely popular. The close ties between Washington and Wall Street contributed to the financial crisis as well. There were enormous financial contributions from Wall Street to the political campaigns for constituents which contributed to this relationship. As far as â€Å"influx† of new money, as the US banking regulations was easing, other countries were experiencing a boom and looking for somewhere to invest. So who is to be blamed for this financial crisis and the problem with the housing market? Was it the government? Was it the banks? Was it Politicians? The blame was a global discussion during this time. Amongst others playing a role included: †¢ mortgage lenders †¢ credit rating agencies †¢ insurance companies †¢ regulators †¢ governments sponsored entities †¢ investors †¢ homeowners Many also believed that those working in theShow MoreRelatedFactors That Affects The Global Economy And Its Impact On The Nigeria And Egypt Economy1568 Words   |  7 Pagesthe factors that affects the global economy and their impact on the Nigeria and Egypt economy. In 2007, the financial crisis, which later extended to the global financial crisis began in the United States of America. The origin and elements of the 2007/2012 global financial crisis have been widely discussed in the literature throughout the period. The aim of this work is to, however, try to point out the reasons and also the macroeconomic effects of the financial crisis in both countries economy andRead MoreThe Causes and Effects of a Recession Essay2728 Words   |  11 Pagesincreased bankruptcies. In UK, recession is when there is negative economic growth for consecutively two quarters which is measured by Real Gross domestic product.GDP is standard measure of total value of county’s output of goods and services. The recent 2008/2009 recession is said to be a â€Å"Great Recession† by many authors. According to Office for National Statistics (2013a) previous recessions (post-war) were recovered quickly; maximum time was almost 13 quarters (1980s) to reach the pre-downturn peakRead MoreStrategic Analysis Burberry4740 Words   |  19 Pages The Strategic Position 6 2.1. Macro-Environment 6 2.2. Industry and market structure and competitive conditions 7 2.3. Strategic capability, Resources and Competences 8 2.3.1. Strategic capability 9 2.3.2. Resources 9 2.3.3. Competences 9 2.4. Financial situation of Burberry 9 3. Strategic choice 10 3.1. Business level strategic choice 11 3.2. Corporate level strategic choice 11 3.3. Direction and methods 11 3.4. Recommendations 13 4. Conclusion 14 5. Appendix 14 6. References 15 1. Recent pastRead MoreStrategic Analysis Burberry4734 Words   |  19 PagesStrategic Position 6 2.1. Macro-Environment 6 2.2. Industry and market structure and competitive conditions 7 2.3. Strategic capability, Resources and Competences 8 2.3.1. Strategic capability 9 2.3.2. Resources 9 2.3.3. Competences 9 2.4. Financial situation of Burberry 9 3. Strategic choice 10 3.1. Business level strategic choice 11 3.2. Corporate level strategic choice 11 3.3. Direction and methods 11 3.4. Recommendations 13 4. Conclusion 14 5. Appendix 14 6. References 15 1. Recent

High School Drop Out Rates Free Essays

High School Drop Out Rates Essay The nation’s dropout crises have become severe over the past ten years. Big city high schools have less than 50% of freshmen graduate. (8) The problem has taken a back seat to a national focus on early childhood and elementary programs. We will write a custom essay sample on High School Drop Out Rates or any similar topic only for you Order Now Recent studies have found the dropout rate rising in large cities. Among minority groups, the dropout rate is the highest. The causes of the growing problem range from teen pregnancy to depression. The effect of the drop out rate is financially devastating on the individuals who dropout. Programs are being used to help decrease the tendencies for student to dropout. The national dropout rate has become common for teenagers. Dropout intervention programs have little effect from keeping teens from dropping out. According to the Boston herald website: But combating dropout rates requires new approaches since one group of researcher found that the 20 primary dropout prevention programs administered by the U. S. department of education made little difference in keeping teens in school. The city’ has gradually increase during the past four years, with roughly 900 student-mostly black and Hispanic- leaving the system each year. (1) This problem has been gradually increasing because schools have focused on basis math, literally skills and early childhood education for raising overall test scores. The dropout problem has been virtually forgotten. According to Jay Smink, Director of the National Dropout Prevention Center at Clemson University: â€Å"The sad part is, no one is seriously looking at the issue, and the sadder part is they’re no t putting the resources needed to improve the graduation rate,†(2) Largest Group of Drop-outs Hispanics are the largest group of dropout rates at 30-35%. This is 2. 5 times higher than the Africans-Americans dropout rate and 3. 5 % time the rate of whites. The study show the reason for the higher rate among Hispanics is poor teacher preparation, lower expectations, and overcrowded facilities. Another reason is a language barrier. Few teachers know enough Spanish to teach Hispanics. Other reasons are cultural related. Many Hispanic youth cite reasons for dropping out that are common to all youth who drop out. These reasons are they are failing, bored and/or having to work to support a family. Most Hispanics tend to believe that the public schools disrespect Hispanic culture, neglect the language problem, and set academic standards below the national norm. Poverty is wide spread among Hispanics. (6) Many children do not get an early start at school by attending pre-school; therefore, these children are at a disadvantage from the start. Their parents cannot read so these children miss being read to which is a necessary part of early development. In addition, peer pressure is an extremely strong influence on Hispanic youth. According to the Augusta Chronicle. How to cite High School Drop Out Rates, Essay examples

Essay about My Dream Job Would Be An Investment Banker Essay Example For Students

Essay about My Dream Job Would Be An Investment Banker Essay My dream job would be to become an Investment Banker, however although the benefits of the job are spectacular so are the drawbacks. Investment Banking is different from Commercial Banking, which is what most people think of when they hear the word bank, commercial banks serve as managers for deposit accounts for businesses and individuals, whereas investment banks speed up the purchase and sales of bonds, stocks and other investments. Investment banking mainly involves â€Å"helping companies and governments issue securities, helping investors purchase securities, managing financial assets, trade securities and providing financial advice† (Careers-in-Investment-Banking, 2011). There are many roles an Investment Banker plays in a company, including saving the company time and money, by figuring out what the risks are that come with any given assignment. An Investment Banker serves as a coordinator between a company and investors when the company is ready to disperse bonds or stocks. They should an expert in their specific market field, as part of their job entails advising others based on the current state of the economy (Investment Banker, 2015). The working conditions of an investment banker is usually described as a nightmare. They tend to work from 10:00 am until 2:00 am on a regular weekday (Joule, 2015). For most investment bankers the hours aren’t the problem, it’s the unpredictability of the work. You seemingly lose control over your life and are perpetually on call, a call that you must answer whatever the hour or holiday. Most bankers find it easier not to plan too far ahead for fear of having to cancel at the last minute due to work (Joule, 2015). Investment Banks are usually located in the financial centers around the wo. . though it seems glamorous from the outside seems to be quite stressful, and a little terrifying. When I first starting looking into Investment Banking, I was appalled at all the negative experiences people had, about it sucks you in and drains the life out of you. But then there were a few encounters that laid out both the bad and the good, and how after a few years of paying your dues, it starts paying off, you begin to realize how far you’ve come as a person and what you have achieved and what a beautiful new work ethic you now have instilled within you. Through this inquiry paper I have found a new possible career path, although I would like to only work a few years in the investment banking world before breaking into the world of Corporate Finance. Which I am hoping will become more understandable due to my background level of experience in Investment Banking.

System Development at Gold Medal Products

Table of Contents Statement of Problem Goals of the New System Alternatives Considered Implementation and Details Concerning the Solutions Costs Benefits Conclusion Works Cited This paper presents information system development at the Gold Medal Products. Gold Medal Products is a family owned business that has been in operation since 1931(Gold Medal Products Co). Gold Medal is the major popcorn machine producer (Gold Medal Products Co). Their main objective is to develop innovative ideas and equipments that serve market needs. Presently, Gold Medal has over 1000 employees and they are all committed to the sales generating concessions, specialty in food machines and supplies (Gold Medal Products Co).Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on System Development at Gold Medal Products specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Gold Medal decided to choose DOS operating system because it was the most viable system at that time. They have been using other operating systems whose reliability has become questionable over time. What is critical of any operating system is its reliability. Reliability is determined on the basis of level of efficiency and effectiveness when it comes to operations. Effective operating systems are those that deliver on required operations in the right way. Secondly, in the business realm, security is of paramount importance. An effective system should not allow for hackers to access company secrets. Efficiency of a system is determined by its user friendliness (Post Anderson 128). A user friendly system is one that is well understood by the operators or users. It should allow flexibility in application in the sense that workers are able to create or adopt it to their purposes without interfering or compromising organizational operations. The hardware and software has to be replaceable and repairable using resources in the organizations. A system that is heavily expert based i.e. one that can only be understood and operated by experts does not offer efficiency. A small hitch or breakdown and experts have to be brought in. such a system is expensive to maintain and allows for possibility of sabotage when the experts feel aggrieved or choose to become mischievous. Gold Medal Products has a network of branches, distributors who are all over the globe and thousands of employees (Gold Medal Products Co). Due to its nature or organizational structure, a DOS operating system was an ideal system to use because it is UNIX based thus can easily hook into servers. A UNIX based system has six run that are independent of each other securely (Shelly Rosenblatt 77). Therefore, such a system has secure windows. A DOS Unix based system can be used by many people and does not crash easily. The system is user friendly as it takes less time to boot. DOS based system is generally cheap and easily accessible. Finally, the system gives a lot of features that enable multi tasking and support for big memory.Advertising Looking for term paper on it? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The only disadvantages of such a system are that it requires proper prior training for individuals to be able to use it. Given it allows for customization, different expert users could easily jeopardize operations by developing complicated end use applications. In case they move, new employees may find it hard to adapt to customized applications. Statement of Problem Gold Medal has been growing since it was started and now it cannot be able to cope with certain big needs because the current system is failing. The current system is largely obsolete and unreliable. There is need to develop a new flexible, fast system that can accommodate future expansion. Based on current status, an upgrade is required. There are a number of challenges associated with the old system. Due to its inefficiencies, it has led to customer’s diss atisfaction, insufficient record keeping as well as delay in reproducing managerial reports such as accounts receivable reports and other reports which are needed for timely decision making by the company’s management. The advantage of upgrading their system is that it will improve service delivery to customers, managerial reports generation or processing and fast but accurate record keeping (Post Anderson 83). This will in turn go a long way in ensuring and assuring the company a competitive advantage. Goals of the New System After identifying the problems of the system in place, the company through its steering committee has started the phases of developing a new system. The overriding goal for developing the new system is to help the organization cope with the changing customer related needs, which the old system can not cope with. The organization aims at developing a system that will contribute towards the attaining of its strategic objectives. As Post and Anderson (122 ) advice, it is very important to follow the steps and repeat each step so that initial objectives of the organization are met. Feasibility study is carried out to examine the problems, goals and expected cost of the new system (Post Anderson 430). It is also carried out to investigate what type of system can be developed. In line with management objectives at Gold Medal, a feasibility study for the new system is of prime importance. The evaluation will aim at establishing whether the system will meet the organization’s needs or not.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on System Development at Gold Medal Products specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Alternatives Considered Gold Medal had considered different types of Operating systems in terms of advantages and disadvantages. Some of the systems available for consideration include Real Time Operating System, Multi-user and Single-user Operating System and Mult i-tasking and Single-tasking Operating System(Shelly Rosenblatt 203). Real Time operating system is a multi tasking operating system that executes real time applications. They are fast and predictable. Given they allow for multi tasking, different individuals can perform different operations on the system at the same time or a single user can perform different tasks on a machine at a time. The Dos Unix based operating system is better than any other considered alternatives. The basic advantages of the system lie in the fact that it is fast, stable; window based, takes less time to boot and has a good desktop interface (Shelly Rosenblatt 245). Such a system is effective for their growing number of customers and inline with the services they offer. They have many branches as well as businesses internationally and thus need a stable system to rely on. The chosen operating system allows for multi tasking hence enables uses to save time. Implementation and Details Concerning the Soluti ons Change management is a critical aspect of new system implementation. When a change is introduced people need to be well trained as to acclimatize with new system. Adoption of new technology often results in establishment of new working relationships among employees and management. Introduction of new systems can sometimes lead to loss of jobs. Due to the possibility that people can be adversely affected due to implementation of a new system, enough preparation is necessary before implementation. The preparation is important to avoid the likelihood of employees resisting the change (Post Anderson, 433). New technology brings about a lot of changes and people concerned might be afraid of what the new change brings. They are used to old system. Change in an organization often occurs when a company hires a new employee who comes with new ideas or the top management introduces a new idea. Change can also be instituted in response to a new competitor entering the market or in the ext reme case of a natural disaster occurring. Whatsoever the cause or reason for change, management has to bear in mind its effect on the people and thus possibility of resistance. It is for the aforementioned reasons that Gold Medal has to make considerations aimed at helping employees adapt and acclimatize to new system. Depending on nature of system and branch peculiarities across nations, implementation can be done in phases or all at once (Post Anderson, 433). Proper training across the organization will be critical towards acclimatization and kind of standardization of processes.Advertising Looking for term paper on it? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Costs Benefits To ensure that the costs are less than the benefits, Gold Medal has to carry out a cost benefits analysis. This includes analyzing the projected performance levels or actual performance of the new system based on pilot in comparison to the old one. The costs of the system will depend on the established development plan and cost of new technology. A cost benefit analysis is critical to establish whether the development plan for the new system is viable. If the costs are more than projected benefits, it is only proper to abandon the project. According to Shelly and Rosenblatt (602) cost benefit analysis has to be considered for every step in the system development. The step by step analysis of costs and benefits of new system is done in order to compare with other solutions (Shelly Rosenblatt 603). Conclusion It is very important for Gold Medal to upgrade from old operating system to a new operating system in order for them to compete favorably in the market. Much cust omer management practices, employee management, supplier management and general market monitoring are best automated. Automation of such like activities enables organizations to deal effectively and efficiently with all stakeholders. A new system that provides for generation of timely reports that improve services delivery is highly welcome. There are new technological changes which are coming up everyday and this will make current information management systems obsolete. A more modern operating system will increase efficiency because employees will no longer need to call for technical support. It will also improve record keeping thus making it easier to look for a record. Speed and dependability is important in order to compete effectively and a new system will do better than the old operating system. Gold Medal is a big company with 10 domestic branches and does business internationally (Gold Medal Products Co). For a company of its status, upgrading the system to a more modern op erating system will maximize utilization of the company network and ultimately deliver efficient services to both clients and employees of the company, the new system will strive to realize this goal by reducing the cost while increasing the opportunities by having a system which can: maximize productivity, provide strong management control, ensure delivery of high quality services in less time, with less resources in a define manner. Works Cited Gold Medal Products Co. About Us. Gold Medal Products Co. 2009. 18th February. 2010 https://www.gmpopcorn.com/ Post V. Gerald and Anderson, David, Lee. Management Information Systems: Solving Business Problems with Information Technology. 4th Ed. New York: McGraw Hill, 2005 Shelly, B., Gary and Rosenblatt, J. Harry. System Analysis and Design. 8th Ed. New York: Cengage Learning, 2009 This term paper on System Development at Gold Medal Products was written and submitted by user Bruce Bright to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

English paper Essays

English paper Essays English paper Essay English paper Essay Novel can influence a man to do something. Tom Buchannan is usually a passive character who usually doesnt usually resort to violence. Also traditionally women have not really seen as being prime suspects in the building of a novels plot, but in the Great Gatsby it is very different. All the women in the book in some way play a part in the development of the plot. Myrtle plays the biggest part in the plot in that she basically initiates the issue in the book. Myrtle is cheating on her husband with Tom Buchannan and when her husband finds out of this, he is outraged. Myrtle is then hit by a car, which leads her husband to search out and kill Gatsby. The one who was driving that vehicle was none other than Daisy whos inability to stop basically brings the life of Gatsby to an end. Women in this novel play a bigger role in the development of the plot than men and its clearly indicate. The Great Gatsby is a novel that switches the normal gender roles of men and women. Women go against societys standard belief that women should stay at home and also not partake in activities that only men are seen to do. Also women play a racial part in the novel, for development of the plot, without them there would be a gap in the story and it would all be thrown off. The main point here is that women arent Just caretakers and arent restricted by societys view, but go far beyond those views. Women should not be taken lightly as they have been shown to be strong symbols.

Starbucks is the world's premier coffee roaster and retailer Essay

Starbucks is the world's premier coffee roaster and retailer - Essay Example Aside that, Starbucks is a major corporate entity that seeks to maintain a strong grip through vertical integration. Starbucks maintains a strong hold on the coffee-related products and goods in America and around the world. Starbucks has acquired several processing plants and manufacturing entities that supply other corporate bodies with coffee and snack products which helps to boost the brand image. Stakeholders are the major entities who affect and are affected by the activities of an organisation (Freeman, 2004). In the case of Starbucks, the main stakeholders are employees, customers, the community, coffee producers and shareholders. In the mission statement of Starbucks, it seeks to satisfy the needs and aspirations of all these groups of stakeholders. The mission of Starbucks promises to provide a great work environment for the employees of Starbucks where diversity and excellence are at the core of their vision. They also seek to provide absolute customer satisfaction through excellent products. Also, Starbucks seeks to give back to the community and provide good arrangements and agreements with the coffee producers in different parts of the world. On the side of the shareholders, Starbucks seeks to provide the highest possible profits year-in-year-out for them. Starbucks' core strategy is 'to build a company with a soul'. This means it desires to set up a socially responsive organisation that seeks to provide the best results for all classes of stakeholders. It focuses on common values, common purpose and respect of people as well as shared success to create a bond between employees, suppliers, shareholders and management. Starbucks has different types of outlets found in several forms and systems thorough which they serve world class premium coffee. The growth of the Starbucks brand is an important element of the strategy. So Starbucks continues to provide high quality services and create a conducive atmosphere for coffee lovers. It embarked on an exp ansion drive in the 1990s by selling in top restaurants and hotels. It also entered joint ventures and strategic alliances with food manufacturers and CD manufacturers to create a unique brand that could be used to sell products around the world. Starbucks also expanded into other markets through strategic acquisition drives. They continue to spread their coffee brands through licensing and international expansion. However, Starbucks is going through some strategic challenges. The focus on the US markets seem to be proving less profitable due to the recent financial crises. Starbucks is therefore focusing on expanding to other foreign markets. They also seek to diversify and continue the vertical integration drive which seeks to acquire different business concerns related to the coffee industry. External Analysis External analyses refers to the points or situations where an organisation's activities interacts with the elements in the wider society; naming governmental, international , macroeconomic and socio-cultural and technological trends relevant (Scott, 2009). Political The years 2007 – 2009 were tough times for the United States in general. The War in Iraq and the global financial crises created a strong impact on the nation as a whole. The US Congress passed 3 stimulus bills in the period (The New York Times, 2012). These bills were meant to provide recovery to the financial system. It provided tax cuts as well as an unemployment fund to support

The Cold War and Post-War Economic Recovery Research Paper

The Cold War and Post-War Economic Recovery - Research Paper Example The Cold War resulted in an arms race between these two countries which lasted as long as the Cold War did. It was this era when one after another highly destructive nuclear weapons were created by both the U.S and the Soviet Union. This arms race did not only terrorize the people of both the countries but also affected the culture of these nations as well (Sakwa, 1999). After the Second World War European nations were in ruins, many cities turned into piles of dust and economies collapsed. U.S and Soviet Union were established as the strongest powers of the world and both of them had different views about the post-war Europe and its rehabilitation which resulted in the Cold War. This document enlightens briefly the history of Cold War and its impact on the Post-War Economic Recovery of the nations. Origins of the Cold War The beginning of Cold War was immediately after the successful alliance of the US and the Soviet Union in the war against Nazi Germany. The conflict took place whe n both the US and the Soviet Union perceived each other as superpowers with their political and economic differences. Soon after the war ended, the conflicts of opinion and differences started to arise regarding how the post-war Europe should be separated. ... Throughout the war, were the times when the atmosphere was relatively calm and there were also times when high tension prevailed between both the countries. Some of the tense periods include the Berlin Blockade that took place between 1948 & 1949, the Korean War which took place between 1950 & 1953, the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 and the Soviet war in Afghanistan which took place between 1979 & 1989. In most of these instances, both the US and the USSR supported rival groups and an indirect war was fought between the two nations. Both sides possessed heavy nuclear weapons that could have caused mass destruction. The use of such weapons was not made due to the same reason. Both the countries provided extensive support to any country that was deemed vulnerable or engaged in proxy wars, development of extensive nuclear weapons, rivalry in economic developments or rivalry in sports events. Attempts were made to get support from neutral nations. Stiff competition took place in technolog ical development which was represented by engaging in space race. There was a very high risk of destruction of both the superpowers because of nuclear exchange either by accident or mistake however both the countries sought to prevent any direct attack through agreements. Later on, the economic and military pressure on the Soviet Union was increased by the United States as Soviet Union was not so successful in developing its economy. As a result Soviet Union collapsed in 1991 which heralded the end of Cold War leaving US as the most dominant power of the world. The impact of the Cold War has been quite significant on the American culture and how the post-war economic recovery of the European nations was planned and implemented (Foner, 2009). Post-war Economic Recovery in Europe, Japan

Conjunctiva Pathology and Treatment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Conjunctiva Pathology and Treatment - Essay Example Caution must be practiced since they cause elevated pressure inside of the eye, which can lead to vision damage and cataracts if not properly supervised under the directions of the doctor. Many people develop callous-like thickenings of the conjunctiva on the front of the eye, usually located on the nasal portion of the conjunctiva. Such eyes are susceptible to irritation caused by dry climates (especially with windy conditions), as well as toxic vapors, salt water spray, excessive exposure to the sun (ultraviolet radiation), and even inadequate natural lubrication of the eye (tears). There are 2 types of these raised, yellowish or yellowish-white patches: one type is a "pinguecula" and the other a "pterygium." A pinguecula often is a benign yellowish growth due to the fatty degeneration of the conjunctival collagen fibers near the cornea to be replaced by thicker more durable fibers and sometimes calcium crystals. It can emerge following a short exposure to damaging irritation, such as excessive dryness or sun (UV radiation). Continuous exposure increases tissue destruction.Welding also may be an occupational risk factor. There has no effect on vision and takes weeks to months to resolve. The source of irritation must be eliminated; artificial lubricant drops may be used. Anti-inflammatory ointments may be prescribed for the irritation if experienced. Pterygium A pterygium, is a benign white to pink triangular wedge shaped growth in the conjunctiva, its base in the interpalpebral conjunctiva while its apex towards the cornea. Although it is caused by the same factors of a pinguecula (mainly excessive sunlight exposure, and tropical climates), it often has inflamed blood vessels infusing into it for nourishment. A pterygium does not emerge from a pinguecula. Contrary to the pinguecula, a pterygium usually evolves

The Blood Imagery In Macbeth English Literature Essay

The Blood Imagery In Macbeth English Literature Essay Macbeth is a short play written by William Shakespeare in the early 1600s. It is set in medieval Scotland and tells the story of Macbeth, a nobleman who is loyal to the King, but is misdirected by the witches prophecies and by his and Lady Macbeths ambition. The play depicts his bloody rise to power and tragic downfall. Blood is a symbol that appears throughout the play and is present during many important scenes. Shakespeare uses the image of blood to illustrate changes in Macbeths character throughout the play. At the beginning of the play, blood is used to represent Macbeths loyalty and honor as a soldier. As the play progresses, he becomes a treacherous person, betraying King Duncan and murdering him. The blood now is associated with murder and Macbeths treason. Towards the end of the play, the image of blood shows the unending guilt of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth. Macbeth is first introduced to the audience by a wounded captain, who describes him as a heroic soldier, fighting without mercy to protect King Duncan. According to the captain, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ brave Macbeth à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ with his brandished steel Which smoked with bloody execution Like valors minion, carved out his passage Till he faced the slave. (1.2.18-22) The audience is given quite a ghastly image of Macbeth splitting Macdonwalds body in half and then decapitating him, showing Macbeths courage and mercilessness as a warrior. The fact that the bloody man (1.2.1) himself is badly wounded makes his telling of the story even more valiant, and his blood seems to elevate Macbeths image as a hero. King Duncan praises both of them for their heroism, referring to Macbeth as his valiant cousin and worthy gentleman (1.2.26). At this point of the play, blood symbolizes honor and loyalty as well as bravery, victory and the good. As the play goes on, Macbeths character changes and so does the image of blood. He decides to murder Duncan and usurp the throne. Just before committing the murder, he hallucinates and imagines a dagger of the mind (2.1.50) before him. He says to the knife, I see thee still, / And, on thy blade and dudgeon, gouts of blood, / Which was not so before (2.1.57-59). He also tries to reassure himself, saying that Theres no such thing: / It is the bloody business which informs / Thus to mine eyes (2.1.59-61). The bloody business refers to the murder he is about to commit. This scene is the turning point of the play, which shows the beginning of Macbeths character transformation from a courageous and honorable man to a treacherous, evil and merciless tyrant. The image of blood symbolizes treason, ambition and murder, contrasting what it meant earlier in the play. It is now associated with evil. After Macbeth murders Duncan, he begins to realize the magnitude of his crime. He says, This is a sorry sight (2.2.28), looking at Duncans blood on his hands. He tries to wash Duncans blood, and his own guilt, off his hands: Will all great Neptunes ocean wash this blood Clean from my hand? No, this my hand will rather The multitudinous seas incarnadine, Making the green one red. (2.2.78-81) This illustrates how the act of murder has changed Macbeths character, turning him into a man full of guilt and remorse. However, he does not stop at one murder but, out of paranoia, tries to solidify his position as a king and get rid of anyone standing in his way. The image of blood continues to haunt Macbeth as the ghost of murdered Banquo shows up at his feast. Shocked by the appearance of the ghost, he exclaims, I am in blood / Stepped in so far that, should I wade no more, / Returning were as tedious as go oer (3.4.168-170). This shows how dramatically Macbeths character has changed he has stepped so far into the world of evil that it is impossible for him to redeem himself and return to righteousness, regardless of how guilty he might feel. It is clear that Shakespeare uses the image of blood to enhance the audiences understanding of Macbeth and his character transformation. He starts off as a noble and just person, turns ambitious and treacherous and, finally, becomes a man full of guilt and remorse for his crime. On the other hand, blood imagery is also used by Shakespeare to evoke a visceral reaction from the audience. Blood represents birth, injury, death and the cycle of life. It is an essential part of life without which one cannot survive. Some people fear blood because it makes them recall their own injuries (for example, a cut in ones flesh), war memories or the death of someone they know. One may try to avoid blood but that is impossible as it runs in everyone. By bringing the image of blood on stage and making it virtually omnipresent, from the bleeding Captain to the beheaded Macbeth at the end, Shakespeare succeeds in making his play easier to relate to and for the audience to feel like part of the action, rather than just observers.

History repeats itself :: essays research papers

History Repeats Itself   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The story begins in 1927 When Babe Ruth hits 60 homeruns in a single season. This number at the time was an amazing number, one that they said would never be broken. This wasn’t just a record setting moment, it was a moment that brought attention and focus on baseball â€Å"Americas’ favorite pastime.† This number stood for thirty three years and was never to be beat, this was until a young New York Yankee from Fargo named Roger Maris came into the picture.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1961 after battling with Teammate Mickey Mantle put on a show battling for Ruth’s record. Mantle fell short due to injury but Roger went on to beat this record by hitting an amazing 61 homeruns. Baseball fans everywhere were shocked and could only wonder, will this be broke too, who will do it, and when? Baseball fans around the world would have to wait another 37 years to find this out; but non the less they do!   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The year is now 1998 and I’m 13 years old sitting in front of my television watching a man named Marc McQwire try to beat a record that at the time I did not know much about. On September 8th 1998 Marc beat Maris’ 37 year old record by hitting 62 homeruns, then on his way to a 70 homerun season. This was a sad day for the Maris family to see the late Roger Maris’ record shattered, but for baseball this brought about a second coming. Baseball had been struggling after the strike so this brought people back to the game, just to get a glimpse at history.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Today McQwires record isn’t even standing it was beating 3 years after he had set it.

Personal Change Project Conditioning Health And Social Care Essay

I would wish to plan a self-modification program which is to advance a wont desirable to myself. I will implement Operant Conditioning and other rules of conditioning in this Personal Change Project.Walking the Dog Frequently and Regularly for a Longer period of TimeThe mark behavior I would wish to hike is walking the Canis familiaris for at least 45 proceedingss daily on the seashore near my house. The end of the present program was to prolong a good wellness since jogging is involved during the walk with the Canis familiaris. For case, ramble oning conditions the cardiovascular system, cut downing the opportunity of acquiring bosom disease. It besides helps in beef uping musculus and cut downing extra fat by firing Calories. In add-on, it can advance the relationship with the Canis familiaris as its proprietor. At the same clip, in order to take up the duty as a portion of the household members, walking the Canis familiaris on a regular basis is indispensable. Last, relaxation can be achieved by walking Canis familiaris along the seashore as the aesthetic position and nature of it can assist alleviating emphasis and sadness. A baseline appraisal was carried out predating the self-modification program. In the self-modification program, each clip the client walked the Canis familiaris for at least 45 proceedingss was counted as walking the Canis familiaris for one clip. No bound was placed on the clip she walked the dog each twenty-four hours.Baseline AssessmentIn the baseline appraisal of the mark behaviour before transporting out the self-modification program, the frequence and continuance of walking the Canis familiaris by the client was measured utilizing a timer. It lasted for 14 yearss from 5th September to 18th September. ( Table 1 ) The frequence which the client walked her Canis familiaris was 7 times in two hebdomads and the entire clip spent to walk the Canis familiaris in two hebdomads was 183 proceedingss and the mean clip spent on walking the Can is familiaris was 26 proceedingss in two hebdomads. Therefore, the existent continuance of clip for walking the Canis familiaris before the self-modification program was much less than the mark continuance of clip set in program ( 45 proceedingss ) . This was because the mark behaviour was normally hindered by different ancestors and effects ( to be mentioned in the following session ) Walking The Dog Date Yes NO 5th September 15 proceedingss 6th SeptemberTen7th September 28 proceedingss 8th SeptemberTen9th September 35 proceedingss tenth SeptemberTen11th September 25 proceedingss 12th SeptemberTen13th SeptemberTen14th September 40 proceedingss 15th SeptemberTen16th September 30 proceedingss 17th SeptemberTen18th September 10 proceedingss Entire Time of walking the Canis familiaris 183 proceedingss Average clip of walking the Canis familiaris 183 / 7 = 26 proceedingss Table 1 Frequency and Duration of walking the Canis familiaris from 5th Sept. to 18th Sept.Ancestors and ConsequencesHarmonizing to Weiyen ( 2007, pp.250-254 ) , ancestors are the preceding fortunes. Consequences are the effects or consequences of something happening earlier.Ancestors which limit my mark behaviorBefore implementing this self-modification program, there were ever several ancestors which restricts me from walking the Canis familiaris. First of wholly, it was non possible for me to walk the Canis familiaris during showery yearss as the Canis familiaris will acquire soiled and wet. In add-on, I normally felt so tired after school or work that I did non hold the energy to walk my Canis familiaris.Ancestors which reinforce my mark behaviorIt is ever free to walk my Canis familiaris along the seashore near my place as no transit cost is needed. In add-on, it merely takes me 5 proceedingss to entree the seashore, therefore it is really convenient to walk my pet.Consequences which limit my mark behaviorExerting my Canis familiaris normally makes me even more tired after school or work so this greatly influences my advancement of analyzing, and therefore impacting my public presentation on trials. Therefore, the fatigue from walking my Canis familiaris restricts me from making so.Consequences which reinforce my mark behaviorWalking my Canis familiaris can assist ease my bodily fittingness and keeping wellness. This is because I jog while walking my Canis familiaris and it helps to better my cardiovascular and respiratory system. Heart musculuss are strengthened and become more efficient during jogging. Besides, deeper breathe can be achieved to provide more O and foods to our musculuss, enabling us to be more energetic engaging in activities we enjoy. Besides, it is of import to keep a good relationship with my household and Canis familiaris via taking up my duty as a household member walking my Canis familiaris as wrangles sometimes arise due to this is sue. Furthermore, walking my Canis familiaris can assist cut downing emphasis and sadness from the heartache of interrupting up and analyzing.Behavioral Principles and SchemesOperant Conditioning was used as the major rule to increase the mark behaviour. It is a signifier of acquisition in which a response becomes more likely to happen in a peculiar stimulation state of affairs as a consequence of its effects. In this Conditioning, assorted types of supports and penalties were applied. Support occurs when an event following a response increases an being & A ; acirc ; ˆâ„ ¢s inclination to do that response. Punishment occurs when an event following a response weakens the inclination to do that response. Positive support was involved in the program. This is a response is strengthened as it is followed by the presentation of a rewarding stimulation. Therefore, a positive reinforcing stimulus was set that I could bask a tasty barbeque dinner with my close friends every 10 times I walked my Canis familiaris for at least 45 proceedingss. This was a rewarding stimulation for me as I love barbeque and I cherish the clip garnering with close friends. It was a secondary reinforcing stimulus as it acquired reenforcing belongingss through repeated association with primary reinforcing stimulus. Negative Reinforcement was besides applied. It occurs when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the remotion of an unpleasant stimulation. I late broke up with my fellow and it was a heart-breaking experience. Then I found that walking the Canis familiaris along the seashore and basking the aesthetic position of the nature can assist to alleviate the heartache. Therefore, I walk the Canis familiaris along the seashore more frequently. Therefore, the difficult feeling after interrupting up was the unpleasant stimulation and it was thought that walking Canis familiaris along the seashore can take this aversive stimulation, therefore walking the Canis familiaris along the seashore ( response ) is strengthened. Negative Punishment was used, which was to diminish the unwanted behavior by taking something pleasant. For every individual clip the client could non successfully walk her Canis familiaris for 45 proceedingss in a twenty-four hours, her female parent locked up my laptop for two yearss. Therefore, she needed to utilize the public computing machines in the library for a twosome of yearss if she did non walk the Canis familiaris and this one time brought her a immense incommodiousness. Hence, the usage of laptop at place is regarded as the pleasant event and the reluctance to walk the Canis familiaris is the unwanted behaviour.The EventualitiesAs for the Positive Reinforcement, a Fixed-ratio agenda of support was besides applied as the client could bask barbeque with friends every 10 times she walked the Canis familiaris. Therefore, the definition of fixed-ratio agenda is the positive reinforcing stimulus ( barbeque with friends ) is given after a fixed figure ( 10 times ) of non-reinf orced responses ( walking the Canis familiaris ) . In the Negative Reinforcement, Variable-schedule of support was used. The reinforcing stimulus ( the gradual alleviation of hurting after interrupting up ) was given after a variable figure of non-reinforced responses ( walking the Canis familiaris along the seashore ) . After the client walked the Canis familiaris along the seashore for a few times, she found that the heartache reduced a small spot and this was a reinforcing stimulus. Then this reinforcing stimulus strengthened the response inclination for walking the Canis familiaris as she believed this can alleviate hurting after interrupting up with fellow. As for the Negative Punishment, every clip the client did non walk her Canis familiaris for at least 45 proceedingss one time a twenty-four hours, her female parent locked up her laptop for two yearss. Inconvenience was brought to the client if she could non carry through the mark behaviour, as she could non utilize her laptop for two yearss ( usage of laptop is a pleasant stimulation ) , alternatively she could merely utilize the public computing machine outside.Consequence of the AssessmentThe self-modification program was set to complete in two hebdomads from 19th September to 2nd October after the baseline appraisal. ( Table 2 ) It can be seen that the response inclination of walking the Canis familiaris greatly strengthened after the program was implemented. The frequence of walking the Canis familiaris was 20 times which was about 3 times more than that of the baseline appraisal ( 7 times ) . The entire continuance of walking the Canis familiaris in two hebdomads was 1039 proce edingss, while the mean clip spent on walking the Canis familiaris was 52 proceedingss each clip, which is a dual compared to the consequence obtained in the baseline appraisal. Therefore, she was rewarded twice by holding barbeque dinners with her friends in these two hebdomads, as she achieved walking her Canis familiaris 20 times. Although the client failed to carry through the mark behaviour for one clip in these two hebdomads, it was due to the heavy work load from alterations and assignments. She was so experient negative penalty which she could non utilize her laptop for two yearss as her female parent locked it up. Walking the Canis familiaris Date Yes NO First Time on the day/ minute Second Time on the day/ minute 19th September 50 45 twentieth September 45 45 21st September 48 22nd September 55 48 23rd September 70 50 24th September 85 25th September 50 26th September Ten 27th September 45 50 28th September 50 50 29th September 45 47 thirtieth September 55 1st October 60 2nd October 46 Entire Time of walking the Canis familiaris 1039 Average Time of walking the Canis familiaris each clip 1039 / 20 =52 Table 2 Frequency and Duration of walking the Canis familiaris from 19th September to 2nd OctoberThe Strength, Weakness and Effectiveness of the Modification PlanThe self-modification program was seemingly effectual, which could be proved by the big difference in consequences shown in table 1 and table 2. The behaviour of the client was successfully modified to walk the Canis familiaris for at least 45 proceedingss one time a twenty-four hours. This was proved by the twofold continuance of walking the Canis familiaris each clip on norm ( 26 proceedingss in baseline appraisal and 52 proceedingss in the self-modification program ) and the frequence of walking the Canis familiaris was about tripled ( 7 times in baseline appraisal and 20 times in the self-modification program ) . This was chiefly due to the strengths of the program. Positive support was used in the program, in which the client was rewarded a barbeque dinner with her friends every 10 times she walked the Canis familiaris However,

Comparison of Pride and Prejudice with Sense and Sensibility

The poem â€Å"Pied Beauty† was written by Hopkins in 1877 and the â€Å"Ode to Autumn† was penned down by Keats in 1820. These poems appreciate all the aspects and diversity of Nature positively leading to the praise of God. In Pied Beauty, this praise of the Creator is vivid and apparent as the poet magnanimously asserts: â€Å"He fathers-forth whose beauty is past change: Praise him.† However, in Ode to Autumn the praise is subtly highlighted through the description of exuberant bounties of Autumn. The overarching theme of â€Å"beauty beyond appearance† is witnessed in both the poetic works mentioned above. In â€Å"Pied Beauty† this theme encapsulates the idea that perfection of things lies behind their appearance. The poet accentuates the fact that the spirit and energy beyond the appearance is to be appreciated. Thereby, a metaphysical streak echoes throughout, emphasizing the true essence of the word, â€Å"beauty†. Similarly, this theme is observed in â€Å"Ode to Autumn† connoting that the season Autumn has its own beauty like other seasons. Generally, Autumn is associated with old age or the end of life but Keats has creatively portrayed it as a season of â€Å"mellow fruitfulness†, thus, denoting the beauty of Autumn afar from its appearance. He has artistically projected an implied meaning to the poem by illustrating that autumn is the time of life where everything eventually leads to its completion or to have acquired the ultimate m otive of life. The crux of Ode to Autumn is to symbolize the uncertainties of life the Universe is so prone. However, in Pied Beauty, a synonymous thought is presented in the subtle descriptions of Nature that juxtapose the opposites to underline the notion that life is unpredictable , non-static and full of ambiguities. Hopkins asserts: â€Å"And all the trades,their gear &tackle &trim. Whatever is ficke, freckled,(who knows how?) With swift, slow; sweet, sour;adazzle,dim; He fathers-forth whose beauty is past change† Here, the poet stresses on the diverse nature of the life on Universe that everything is in a flux. The only thing constant is change and therefore, in Ode to Autumn we notice that autumn has arrived and we should appreciate the various shades of Nature it offers because they are momentary. Consequently, the beauty and speciality of everything present should be appreciated. It is because every atom and molecule on earth gifts us with some meaning and purpose in life. Another eminent theme is of â€Å"Nature†. In â€Å"Pied Beauty† numerous aspects of Nature are delineated using compound words. Hopkins appreciates that â€Å"Glory be to God for dappled things†, â€Å"skies of couple-colours† the â€Å"rose-moles† on the trout, the â€Å"Fresh-firecoal chestnut-falls; finches' wings† and also the â€Å"Landscape plotted and pieced -fold,fallow &plough†. The poet is praisng God for everything that he has created and also for the sublime energies that Nature encapsulates beyond its physical appearance. Furthermore, this theme of Nature is also evident in â€Å"Ode to Autumn†. This ode is pregnant with admiration for different activities that take place in autumn. Keats enumerates that it is a â€Å"season of mists and mellow fruitfulness†, â€Å"load and bless with fruits the vines that round the thatch-eves run†, â€Å"fill all fruits with ripeness to the core†, â€Å"swel l the gourd and plump the hazel shells with sweet kernel†,†barred clouds bloom the soft-dying day†, â€Å"lambs loud bleat from hilly bourn† and the â€Å"Hedge-cricket sing†. All these descriptions stimulate our senses and lend a beautiful cinematographic element to the poem. Analogous to Hopkins, Keats also implies the stylistic device of compound words. However, the contrast lies in the fact that Keats uses compound words to make his poetry sensual whereas, Hopkins employs compound words to give different things a set shape and pattern. This is called instress and inscape technique that Hopkins uses. For example, he says â€Å"For skies of couple-colour as a brinded cow†. Here he is characterizing the sky's colour and accentuating the inter relation and harmony of Nature. Like the brinded cow the sky is also spotted and patchy as the blue sky and white clouds are â€Å"coupled† together. The creative amalgamation of sky with creations on earth reflects the poet's love of nature to a commendable degree. On the contrary, Keats utilizes compound words to give a corporeal effect. For instance, he calls autum the â€Å"bosom-friend of the maturing Sun† and also he asserts â€Å"half-reap'd furrow†, â€Å"bloom the soft-dying dayà ¢â‚¬  and â€Å"full-grown lambs†. All these examples stir the senses. Animal and bird imagery have also been incorporated in these poems. Hopkins uses the image of the â€Å"brinded cow† to make the colour and pattern of the sky tangible, and also uses the image of a trout with rose-moles and the finches' wings to signify the variety and diversity of Nature. Nonetheless, Keats uses the images of the â€Å"swallow† singing, â€Å"lambs† bleating , â€Å"hedge-cricket† singing and the red-breast,†garden-crofet† whistling to indicate that autumn has a life and activity of its own which must be appreciated instead waiting for other seasons to come. Alliteration in the â€Å"Pied Beauty† is used to heighten the auditory effect of the poem. It is said about Hopkins that â€Å"his poetry should not be read with eyes but ears† (Bridges). The alliteartion used in the compound word â€Å"couple-clouds† empahsizes on making the sky tangible whereas â€Å"Fresh-firecoal† denotes a paradox to enhance the colour of the chestnut that is falling off the tree and â€Å"fold, fallow† these descriptions of the landscape suggest the multiplicity of lands created by God. On the other hand, in â€Å"Ode to Autumn† the alliterations â€Å"winnowing wind†, â€Å"dying day† and â€Å"lambs loud† all of these are stressing upon the activities that take place in autumn. Thus, signifying that autumn is also lively and is not about the end of life rather it announces a new happy beginning that follows. Nonetheless, apart from a few stylistic contrasts, both poets share a common natural ground of ideas, that is , the love and intense adulation of nature. The imagery that these poets employ is far-fetched and typical of the Romantic school of thought.

Writing Descriptive Paragraphs for English Learners

Writing Descriptive Paragraphs for English Learners Writing descriptive paragraphs can be successful as one of the first writing activities for students. Start by helping students understand the difference between simple and complex sentences, and move on to practice writing complex sentences. Students should also be familiar with a wide range of descriptive adjectives. Start by having students answer basic questions below. Next, use the writing exercise to expand the answers into a well-formed descriptive paragraph. Descriptive paragraphs are often used to describe what a person looks and acts like. Read this example descriptive paragraph, notice how descriptive paragraphs are arranged by putting together all the sentences about the same thing. Here is an example of a descriptive paragraph: I am forty years old, rather tall and I have blue eyes and short black hair. I wear casual clothes as I teach students in a relaxed atmosphere. I enjoy my job because I get to meet and help so many different people from all over the world. During my spare time, I like playing tennis which I play at least three times a week. I also love listening to classical music and I must admit that I spend a lot of money on buying new CDs! I live in a pretty seaside town on the Italian coast. I enjoy eating great Italian food and laughing with the likable people who live here. Written Exercise I Answer these questions about yourself on a piece of paper. How old are you?What do you look like?What kind of clothes do you wear? Why?What kind of job do you do? Do you like it?What are your favorite hobbies? Why do you like them?Where do you live?Do you like living there? Why or why not? Written Exercise II Now that you have the information about yourself ready. Fill in the gaps in to complete this descriptive paragraph about yourself. I am _________ years old, I _________________ (your looks). I wear ________________ because ______________. I am a ______________. I like / dont like my job because _____________________. I enjoy ______________. I often _____________ (describe how often you do your hobby). I also like ________________ (write about another hobby) because ________________. I live in ____________. People in ____________ are ________________ . I enjoy / dont enjoy living in ______________ because ____________. Practice Ask your friends the same questions as in Exercise I and write paragraphs about them.

Development of the neural crest and its derivatives (LD) Essay

Development of the neural crest and its derivatives (LD) - Essay Example The neural crest is demonstrated in the figure below. Fig. 1. Embryo of the gray short-tailed opossum (Monodelphis domestica) at stage 24. E is the optic pit; O is the otic sulcus; PO is the preotic sulcus; 1 is the first arch neural crest; 2 is the second arch neural crest; and 3 is the region from which third arch neural crest will appear (Smith 124). As described in Wikipedia, neural crest cells can be classified into four groups according to function or their derivatives: the cranial neural crest cells, vagal and sacral neural crest cells, trunk neural crest cells, and the cardiac neural crest cells. The cranial neural crest develops into cartilage, bones, nerves, and connective tissues in the head. These cells also contribute to the formation of the skull, dentin of teeth, blood vessels, and a few skeletal muscles. This category is responsible for the craniofacial derivatives. Vagal and sacral neural crest cells give rise to parasympathetic neurons. The trunk neural crest forms the melanocytes or pigment cells, adrenal medulla, sympathetic neurons, and dorsal root ganglia. Cardiac neural crest cells form the connective tissues of the heart (Seeley, Stephens, and Tate 957). Roberto Mayor's Millennium Nucleus for Developmental Biology pointed out that the induction or stimulation of the neural crest is initiated by first inducing the neural plate and its border by bone morphogenic protein (BMP) signal inhibition. When BMP signaling is strongly inhibited, the neural plate is specified. In contrast, weak inhibition of BMP signaling leads to the specification of the neural plate border. An intermediate level of BMP activity required for the specification of the neural plate border can be created by interactions between the neural plate and epidermis. This intermediate level of BMP signaling has been tested to induce the neural crest of Xenopus (frog) and fish. Results show that the BMP signaling target, Msx1, is induced only by an intermediate level of BMP signal activity in Xenopus (Trainor and Nieto 5060). Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and Wnt can also induce the neural crest (Trainor and Nieto 5060). According to Mayor of UCL, these signal molecules to gether with retinoic acid originate from the posterior part of the embryo and are required to specify which part of the neural plate border will give rise to the neural crest cell population. The signals elicited by the inducer molecules may either act synergistically or require interference between the involved genetic pathways to promote neural crest formation. This population will in turn give rise to the derivatives, the type of which will depend on the length of migration and final location of the cells after the travel (Trainor and Nieto 5060). Furthermore, Wikipedia stated that cells which are to become the neural crest are induced by BMP, Wnt, and FGF to express the proteins Fox3D, RhoB, and Slug and to lose expression of E-cadherin. Slug is a repressor involved in the activation of factors that dissociate tight junctions. RhoB is also responsible for cell migration by signaling cytoskeletal changes which are prerequisites of the process. E-cadherin is a marker of non-neural epithelia (Trainor and Nieto 5060). M. Bronner-Fraser emphasized that, as posted in the Scienceweek Web

Psychology Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Psychology Project - Essay Example There have been many studies done in order to determine these. The first article was entitled â€Å"Further Refining the Stress-Coping Model of Alcohol Awareness†. In this article, it was shown that coping measures as far as alcohol consumption and stress differ in regards to the type of stress that is encountered. It was hypothesized based on previous experimentation that men are more likely to encounter heavy drinking as a coping mechanism than females due to their limited coping abilities. There have also been inconsistencies in trying to diagnose whether specific people are more prone to this kind of coping measure than others. The first deals with the variability, which is experienced across the board when people deal with stress. This being that coping measures are not just maladaptive or adaptive, but each are tailored to deal with a certain type of stressor. The second is that there has not been substantial evidence and consistency in showing that gender factors play a role in coping and drinking. The experimental design for this study was a short-term design, which was based on self-reporting measures. In particular, three variables were hypothesized that could take into account for gender differences. The first is coping using the support of others. It has been shown that students that are experiencing a stressor in regards to a relationship or social situation are less likely to turn to alcohol if their coping mechanisms are more guided towards the support of others. In particular, it has been shown in women that experience an interpersonal stressor that they are less likely to drink as a coping measure due to greater social support seeking. The second hypothesis shows that the more in control of the external stressors that a person is experiencing, the less likely they are to turn to alcohol as a coping measure. The third hypothesis is based on previous research which states that men are more likely to use active seeking coping strategies and women are more likely to seek social supporting strategies for coping. Thus the use of alcohol was found to be higher in males than in females. The population had a sample size of 83 participants from different socioeconomic and cultural backgrounds. These participants were tested using many different types of surveys and testing batteries. They were prescreened with the Michigan Alcohol Screening Tests and the College Students’ Recent Life Experiences test. These stressful factors were then broken down into four core areas: life management, social relationships, school, and general social adjustment. Then, they returned for three weeks and were asked how many times they engaged in heavy drinking, which was defined as five or more alcoholic drinks. The final survey that had to take was the COPE to assess their skills in active coping, avoidant coping, and social support seeking coping. The statistics were analyzed using mixed modeling interactions and this took into account correlation coefficients and t-test values. Men that had higher scores in active coping and social support seeking coping were less likely to engage in dangerous activities involving alcohol. If men using avoidant coping measures, they were more likely to engage in the use of alcohol. For women, the same statistical data was also recorded. There is some validity to the measures that were

Consumer Research on Ethical Consumption Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Consumer Research on Ethical Consumption - Essay Example General assumption on relationship between attitudes and behavior is the consistency. This is known as principle of consistency which means expectation on consistency of one’s behavior with the attitudes hold by them. Furthermore it means people are rational and try to behave rationally at every time. Though this principle is through, it is clear that consumers do not always follow that. Sometimes it is able to experience irrational behavior. For an instance, majority of consumers are smoking cigarettes while knowing this consumption causes heart diseases and lung cancers. Literature relevant to theory of reasoned action and theory of planned behavior are significant theories that discussed this attitude-behavior relationship in-depth manner. Attitude is defined as a permanent, general evaluation regarding people or person, objects, issues or advertisements (Soloman et.al, 2010). Difficulty of changing and nature of evaluating something are discussed as the characteristics of attitude according to above definition. Relationship between attitude and behavior is presented by Fishbein and Ajzen (1975) based on theory of reasoned action. As theorized by Gordon W. Allport in 1935, there is a multidimensional relationship in between attitude and behavior but not one-dimensional relationship. It means attitude is a complex system that consists with individual’s belief regarding the object, feeling on the object and action tendencies towards the object.

Romeo and Juliet Act one scene one Essay Example for Free

Romeo and Juliet Act one scene one Essay He is a strong character who could bring about the end of the fighting where others failed. Looking at different versions of the play we can compare the character of the prince. In Baz Luhruanns modern day play the prince is portrayed as the chief of police, but the wide angles used and the height of the helicopter he is in still demonstrates a sense of power. This reinforces the power of the Princes threat and still indicates that the play will end in tragedy. Romeo is introduced at this point too, although he is not involved in the fight. We actually see him as the victim of unrequited love, and the audience is surprised to find that the object of Romeos affection at this point is not Juliet but Rosalind. We can see that in this play love is clearly a painful matter. Romeo is suffering for his love and this is portrayed in his posture and actions. Griefs of mine own lie heavy in my breast, which thou will propagate, to have it prest with more of thine: this love that thou hast shown doth add more grief to too much of mine own. He demonstrates love sickness, whilst Rosalind, the girl toward whom his love is aimed, adopts a cool and disdainful attitude towards him. The audience is left to wonder how this love will develop although they are left with no doubt that Romeos love life will have a huge effect on the story. The audience is also left to ponder whether Romeo will follow Benvolios suggestion to forget this love. Be ruled by me, forget to think of her. The opening scene works well as an introduction to the play because it shows that the love affair in this play is going to develop against a background of hatred, a clever contrast of emotions. It begins with an exciting fight scene and ends with a declaration of love. It makes the audience question what will arise later in the play and ultimately indicates on the tragedy that is to follow. It is during this scene that the audience becomes aware that both the love scenes and the fight scenes will continue and mix throughout the duration of the play, leading to the tragic downfall which is how the play ends.   Jenny Irving 11F2 Romeo and Juliet Coursework Assignment Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Miscellaneous section. Download this essay Print Save Not the one?

Communication Competencies in Selling Socialization Process

Communication Competencies in Selling Socialization Process Introduction The topic of this assignment is to study Communication competencies in the socialization process in the direct selling business. Objectives There are many objectives of doing this assignment. So, the objectives of this assignment is to let us understand the following: Definition of communication competencies, socialization process and direct selling business. The influence of communication competencies to the socialization process in the direct selling business. The relationship of communication competencies in the socialization process in the direct selling business. Communication competencies Communication is the process by which information is exchanged between different individuals through a common system of interaction by using symbols, signs, or behaviours. Communication is the ability to listen to others and also can communicate in an effective manner at the same time. For most people, communication can be defined as simply talk and it is a natural event that occurs in daily life. Communication competency is the ability for someone who is able to communicate with another person in order to reach their goals through interactive and suitable interactions. Besides, communication competency also means the ability to achieve communication goals in a manner which can maintain the relationship on terms acceptable to those who are involved. Particularly, it is a type of skill level that human resources professionals should practises and it is responsible for managing others which must be attained and possessed. In order to achieve competency in communication, there are six c riteria which a communicator must meet which include flexibility, involvement, management, empathy, effectiveness and appropriateness. For the flexibility, the communicator needs to be very flexible to adapt different kind of situations and willing to change the behaviours of others in order to achieve goals. Adaptability may require a person who is communicating with other people always be sensitive to both the goals itself and also the people who is responsible for achieving the goals.The other skill that required to achievecommunication competency is involvement in the conversation. This requires the communicator to interact directly with the other parties and the interaction includes listening to the needs and concerns of others.Secondly, the other skill required to achieve communication competency is involvement in the conversation. This requires the communicator to interact directly with the other parties. Interaction includes listening to the needs and concerning of others. Thirdly, being able to manage the conversation requires the communicator to adjust how they interact with each other, control the convers ation and social interactions. It also requires the communicator to control the direction of the conversation takes. Fourthly, empathy means the ability of communicator to show that they understand where the others are coming from and understand their problems to share their own emotions. Fifthly, effectiveness is the ability of communicator to reach the goal of the conversation and the ability to meet both the requirements of the communicator and the other parties who are involved. Lastly, appropriateness is the ability to adhere the expectations of the situation on hand. One of the primary measurements for attaining communication competency is depends on how appropriate the conversation is in achieving the goals. Socialization process Socialization is a learning process which begins shortly after birth. Early childhood is the period of the most crucial and the most intense socialization. It is then which we acquire language and learn the basics of our culture. Besides, it is also a process when much of our personalities take shape. During socialization, we learn the language of the culture which we are born into as well as the roles we are to play in life.However, we continue to be socialized throughout our lives. Socialization can also be defined as a process which may lead to acceptable, or moral, outcomes in the opinion of society said. Individual views on certain issues, such as economies or race, are deeply influenced by the view of the society and at last, it became a normal and acceptable outlook or value to have within the society. For example, human infants are born without any culture. Then, they must be transformed by their parents, teachers, friends and others into cultural and socially skilled animals . The general process of acquiring this culture is referred to as socialization. Besides, socialization can also be defined as the process by which children and adults learn from others through daily activities. We begin our learning from others during the early days of lifeand most people can continue their social learning all through life.Socialization is important in the process of personality formation. While much of human personality is the result of our genes, the socialization process can imitate it in particular directions by encouraging specific beliefs and attitudes as well as selectively providing experiences. Direct selling business Direct selling is the marketing and selling of products directly to consumers which are away from fixed retail location. It is marketed through the independent sales representatives who are also referred to as consultants or distributors. A very small percentage of direct sellers are employees from the companies whose products they sell. It is a type of sales channel where the products are marketed directly to customers while eliminating the need for middlemen such as wholesalers, advertisers and also retailers. They are independent contractors who market and sell the products or services of the company and in return for a commission from those sales.Direct sellers do not necessarily have to sell door-to-door even though that is usually how they get started out. Many of them sell their products through the phone or even through the mail or via a personal website. Direct selling can be conducted as one-on-one, in a group, as a party format or selling online. There are many benefits of online selling. The factor that makes direct selling such an attractive career option is the flexibility which it offers. Those who are engage in direct selling are known as independent contractors who determine how much time and energy they want to invest in their businesses. They can set their own hours, define and control their work-family life balance. An Independent sales representative is they become their own boss. Besides, direct selling is also a way to own a business with the most minimal capital investment. The other strengths of direct selling isdue to its tradition of independence, service provide to consumers, and commitment to entrepreneurial growth in a free market system. Direct selling provides accessible business opportunities to people who are looking for other alternative sources of income, and the entry for direct selling is generally not restricted by gender, age, education, or any other previous experiences. Around the world there is a substantial majority o f direct sellers are women and most work in their direct selling businesses are based on a part-time basis. The influence of communication competencies to the socialization process in the direct selling business As we know, direct selling business is emphasize to the â€Å"inheritance† rather than closing deals, with provide different seminars or courses for different level to independent distributors. Mostly courses are major in how to recruit the potential customers with the communication and social skills. So, socialization is the process by which whether children and adults learn from others. Therefore there are differences in outcomes for teenagers and adults due to socialization process after they attend the courses which organize by direct selling companies and apply when selling products or recruit new members. This is because the mentality and needs in the between of teenagers and adults are different. So, it is very important to choose to the proper ways in communicating with others in order to reach communication effectiveness in communication competencies and to reach the communication’s objectives. The common definition of direct selling business for a customers an d fulfil their materialism but for adults they are more preferable to sustain with consistent income in order to have more time with their families. â€Å"Zero Attitude â€Å"is another point which is emphasize by the direct selling companies, they are require the new independent distributors to learn and manage in communication competency, the ability for them to communicate with potential clients to reach their goals through interactive and appropriate interaction. Therefore, a good interaction between each other is very important in the socialization process. The interaction includes listening to the needs and concerns of others. It also requires the independent distributors to be aware of how potential clients perceive them and to know what to say in response to all of this. Direct selling business normally are being misunderstood by the public which they are applying impropriate way to â€Å"brain wash† new incomers but practically they are â€Å"cloning† or â⠂¬Å"inheriting† their culture of communication and social skills to become a mature distributors which can lead them to be able to expand their business and recruit new incomers independently. Direct selling business also requires a good communication competency in order to develop the messages which the sellers want to deliver to the targeted customers about the products selling. The relationship of communication competencies in the socialization process in the direct selling business In conclusion, there is a strong relationship between communication competencies and socialization process in the direct selling business. It is very important to have a good communication competency in the socialization process in order to bring out good outcomes in the organization through the socialization process. This is very important as the communication competency is about communicating with other in order to reach their goals through interactive interactions and socialization process is the process when much of our personalities take shape and adapting the culture which affected by the surrounding environment. Without a good socialization process in the process of communication in an organization, there will never have a good communication competency to produce good outcomes from the communication process. With a good communication competency, a person who has good communication and promoting skills when selling the products through direct selling method can makes the target ed customers to have a more understanding about the descriptions and usages of the certain products. So, with a good communication competency, this will lead to successful in most of the trading process especially for the direct selling business. Besides, a good communication competency will also can prevent the misunderstanding of the products’ information to happen or cases such as customers feeling blur about the marketing products to occur. References COMMUNICATION COMPETENCE DEFINED. (29 Jan, 2000). Retrieved 6 April, 2014, from http://www.uky.edu: http://www.uky.edu/~drlane/capstone/commcomp.htm What is Direct Selling. (2014). Retrieved 8 April, 2014, from http://www.avoncompany.com: http://www.avoncompany.com/earningsopportunity/directselling.html What is the socialization process. (July, 2001). Retrieved 8 April, 2014, from www.soc.ucsb.edu: http://www.soc.ucsb.edu/faculty/baldwin/classes/soc142/scznDEF.html

Reality TV Essay -- Entertainment Television Papers

Reality TV Can you believe that reality television has actually been around since 1948? Most of us may have thought that this idea of real television just came about in the last decade but actually it’s been around for quite some time. In 1948 Candid Camera was the first reality show to be broadcasted on television. Many considered this to be the â€Å"granddaddy† of the reality TV genre (History of reality TV). This show actually began in radio broadcasting. Allen Funt was the man in charge of this whole new production. He started by simply taping complaints of men in service and broadcasting them over the Armed Forces Radio. This is what later became known as the television show, Candid Camera. Candid Camera was known for â€Å"catching people in the act of being themselves† (History of Reality TV). Funt passed away in 1999 and his son, Peter has now taken over for him to continue these series. So, now you might be asking yourself what show came twenty-five years after Candid Camera? The next broadcasted reality television show was An American Family. This show was written about a California family, the Louds. You would probably never believe it but this show captured it all! It showed many personal experiences in the loud family such as the parents divorce and lifestyle of their gay son, Lance. An American Family played an extremely vast role in exposing society to a more diverse and supposedly real representation of family life. This was just the beginning of unstable families shown on television. Later shows like The Simpson’s and Roseanne branched off from this family idea (The Original Reality). As you can see reality goes back way into history so it’s really no new thang. We must give all the credit ... ... online: http://www.dartmouth.edu (accessed September 25. 2002) Owen, R. (June 21, 2001). NBC crosses the line with 'Fear Factor' stunts. Toledo Blade RealLyrics.com Available online: http://www.reallyrics.com/lyrics/I002900010002.asp (accessed online October 1, 2002) Reiss, Steven & Wiltz, James. (2001). Why America Loves Reality TV. Psychology Today. Rolling Stone (March 29, 2001). Un-Reality TV: Surviving Survivor. Seneca Falls (2000). Reality Television. June 15. Available online: http://www.senecafallsonline.com/archives/Columns/Bergamo/reality_television.htm (accessed October 2, 2002) Shales, Tom. (2001). O ‘Brother’ Why Art Thou? Electronic Media. U.S. Reality Program/Public Service Available online: http://www.museum.tv/archives/etv/A/htmlA/americasmos.htm (accessed October 1, 2002)

The Expansion of the NFL Generations

The National Football League (NFL) has changed over time during its existence from 1920. The National Football League's experience is even more exciting today then in past generations. The players today are bigger, faster, and stronger then professional players. Although the same general rules still apply in today's game, but new ones are brought up every year to protect players from injuries. Ever since the league started in 1920, the football equipment for players has improved even better over the years. Also today's football culture is even more exciting for players and fans to enjoy. For the players today, it is easier to promote themselves and their teams from the Internet and social media. Since the arrival of the NFL, it has improved over the years and the now fans have made it a way in their daily life. The NFL experience improves every year and it is easier for players to promote themselves because of the Internet. Currently, every player joined the NFL because of the Internet. Today, it is easier for players to promote themselves and communicate with coaches or teams because of the Internet. Coaches and team management are always on the look out for great players. After their talent search, the NFL teams scout online using college statistics for their prospect using the college athletics websites from the players school. The NFL coaches today can even watch college player's highlight films on YouTube, which is a great way to promote players. The older generation coaches had to use word of mouth communications to scout players. Unlike past generations, the communication for players and coaches have involved extremely because of advance technology. The NFL generation today is better than past generations and is getting outstanding players to join the league because of the Internet. The NFL players today are paid more money because of their experience, talents, and abilities to play the game. The players who usually get paid the most are the franchise players. The franchise players (best players on their team) are treated more valuable and the teams base their game strategies because of talents of those players. While other players are part of a role in the game plan, the franchise players carry most the load to the game plan. The NFL players today can easily be replaced by other upcoming college standouts. Unlike past generations, the competition is even more difficult to play against today because the players want to stay in the league or not be traded to other teams. The NFL continues to improve year after year because of the great competitors that join the league and the current players that do not want to be replaced. The rules and regulations of the NFL games have changed significantly and the way the game is watched on television. Most of the rules that changed were for health and injury risk issues because of the full contact sport. For instance, the most recent rule that changed was the head-to-head contact tackle. The head-to-head contact tackle is the incorrect way to tackle, but sometimes other players just want to injury other players for their own reasons. This highlight tackle has been banned due to injuries like brain damage, neck injuries, and concussions. If players attempted to do this tackle they will be fined or suspend for an certain amount of games. Just like any other violation tackle, the head-to-head contact tackle is absorbed in the NFL very closely. While, football equipment has improved over the years for safety issues. There are lighter safety pads that protect your bones with more comfort to your body when absorbed contact. The NFL is always improving the football equipment and trying to avoid past life-threatening injuries such as concussions. Others new rules were also created to improve how the game is played and will protect the football players even better today. The games on television have better picture and a greater experience to watch the game. Unlike in the past, there is a huge difference how the picture has improved even more. The NFL games today have more camera angles and closer experience to watch the game. Just imaging and compared how older generations watched the games on black and white televisions? Also, the NFL games are now watched in high definition. There are also now NFL games that can be watched in 3-Dimensional. Unlike basic cable games, the 3-D games change the television experience, they make you feel like you are playing or coaching in the game. The way the game is played and watched on television in today's generation, is extremely better than past generations. Also the American football culture is expanding and growing over the years of existence. During the fall season, fans know Sundays are for NFL football games and church. NFL fans exist through out America; there can be New York fans that live in California or other areas. The fans are expanding everyday and the football culture is now a way of people's life. For example, NFL fans treat Super Bowl Sunday as a holiday than a regular championship football game. Everybody watches the Super Bowl for the game, halftime show, and commercials. NFL fans have parties and invite friends over to watch the big game at their house. Even commercials during the Super Bowl are always talked about because everybody watches the Super Bowl. Although, companies pay millions of dollars for thirty seconds for their commercials to be played during the Super Bowl because they can attract new customers. Even stores get involved to promote Super Bowl Sunday; like having sales on food and televisions. However, the Thanksgiving Thursday Night Football Game is also part of the American football culture. While enjoying time with family on a real holiday, the NFL has a game on Thanksgiving Day. This game always promotes the Super Bowl game because they know fans and their families are watching the game. The football culture has grown bigger through every generation. Everybody knows when it's time for Super Bowl Sunday. The NFL experience has improved over the years and players have been improving each year. My favorite player of all time in the NFL is Ray Lewis, he plays defensive linebacker for the Baltimore Ravens. Ray Lewis is a franchise player for the Baltimore Ravens and is entering his sixteenth year in the NFL because of his effort to be the best he can be. While, I play the same position as Ray Lewis and I try to put in the same effort he does to become a great player. Although I am trying to pursue an NFL career and become a legend just like Ray Lewis it takes hard work and dedication to become the best you can be. My favorite motivation quote from Ray Lewis is â€Å"You might be bigger, faster, stronger, and better than me, but you are not going to outwork me, because I won't let you†. Unlike other players, Ray Lewis is great role model to play the game and he continues to play the game with his heart instead of greed. The National Football League has changed significantly in every generation. The players are more skilled, paid more money, and rules have changed due to past injuries. The players today are bigger, faster, and stronger than past players because of the improvements in the games. Even the technology of watching the game on televisions has improved significantly for fans to enjoy. Today, the NFL culture has grown on every American life including mine. The National Football League will keep changing generation after generation, but the love of the game will continue to grow.